what is love birds

A Lovebird is one of nine species of the genus Agapornis (Greek: αγάπη agape 'love'; όρνις ornis 'bird'). They are a social and affectionate small parrot. Eight species are native to the African continent, while the Grey-headed Lovebird is native to Madagascar. Their name stems from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long periods in which paired birds will spend sitting together. Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grasses and seed. Black-winged Lovebirds also eat insects and figs, and the Black-collared Lovebirds have a special dietary requirement for native figs, making them problematic to keep in captivity.
Some species are kept as pets, and several color mutations were selectively bred in aviculture. Their average lifespan is 10 to 15 years.^[1]

Contents [hide] 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Species 4 Feral populations 5 Aviculture 6 Gender 7 Nesting 8 Housing and environment 9 Grooming 10 Diet 11 Aggression problems with other birds and animal species 12 Pets and bird safety 13 In popular culture 14 Further reading 15 References 15.1 Cited texts

[edit] Description

Lovebirds are 13 to 17 centimeters in length and from 40 to 60 grams in weight. They are among the smallest parrots, characterized by a stocky build, a short blunt tail, and a relatively large, sharp beak. Wildtype lovebirds are mostly green with a variety of colors on their upper body, depending on the species. The Fischer's Lovebird, Black-cheeked Lovebird, and the Masked Lovebird have a prominent white ring around their eyes. The Abyssinian Lovebird, the Madagascar Lovebird, and the Red-faced Lovebird are sexually dimorphic. Many colour mutant varieties have been produced by selective breeding of the species that are popular in aviculture.^[2]

[edit] Taxonomy

Phylogeny of the genus Agapornis based on molecular evidence.^[3] The species with the red line is currently unplaced in the phylogeny, but does belong to this genus.

The lovebird genus comprises nine species of which five are monotypic and four are divided into subspecies.^[2] Eight of them are native in the mainland of Africa and the Madagascar Lovebird is native to Madagascar. In the wild the different species are separated geographically.
Traditionally, lovebirds are divided in 3 groups:

• 1. the sexually dimorphic species: Madagascar, Abyssinian, and Red-headed Lovebird
• 2. the intermediate species: Peach-faced Lovebird
• 3. the white-eye-ringed species: Masked , Fischer's, Lilian's, and Black-cheeked Lovebirds

However, this division is not fully supported by phylogenetic studies, as the species of the dimorphic group are not grouped together in a single clade.
Species and subspecies:^[4]

• Rosy-faced Lovebird, Agapornis roseicollis, (Vieillot, 1818) — or Peach-faced Lovebird
  • Agapornis roseicollis catumbella, B.P. Hall, 1952
  • Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis, (Vieillot 1818)
• Yellow-collared Lovebird, Agapornis personatus, Reichenow, 1887 — or Masked Lovebird
• Fischer's Lovebird, Agapornis fischeri, Reichenow, 1887
• Lilian's Lovebird, Agapornis lilianae, Shelley, 1894 — or Nyasa Lovebird
• Black-cheeked Lovebird, Agapornis nigrigenis, W.L. Sclater, 1906
• Grey-headed Lovebird, Agapornis canus, (Gmelin, 1788) — or Madagascar Lovebird
  • Agapornis canus ablectaneus, Bangs, 1918
  • Agapornis canus canus, (Gmelin, 1788)
• Black-winged Lovebird, Agapornis taranta, (Stanley, 1814) — or Abyssinian Lovebird
• Red-headed Lovebird, Agapornis pullarius, (Linnaeus, 1758) — or Red-faced Lovebird
  • Agapornis pullarius pullarius, (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Agapornis pullarius ugandae, Neumann, 1908
• Black-collared Lovebird, Agapornis swindernianus, (Kuhl, 1820) — or Swindern's Lovebird
  • Agapornis swindernianus emini, Neumann, 1908
  • Agapornis swindernianus swindernianus, (Kuhl, 1820)
  • Agapornis swindernianus zenkeri, Reichenow, 1895

[edit] Species

Species (wild-types)
Common and binomial names	Photograph	Description[2]	Range
Yellow-collared Lovebird (Agapornis personatus)		14 cm (5.5 in) Large. Yellow and green. Has Blue tail feathers.	Northeast Tanzania
Fischer's Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri)		14 cm (5.5 in) long. Mostly green, orange upper body and head, blue lower back and rump, red beak, white eyerings	South and southeast of Lake Victoria in northern Tanzania
Lilian's Lovebird or Nyasa Lovebird (Agapornis lilianae)		13 cm (5 in) long. Mostly green including green back and green rump, orange head, red beak, white eyerings	Malawi
Black-cheeked Lovebird (Agapornis nigrigenis)		14 cm (5.5 in) long. Mostly green, brownish-black cheeks and throat, reddish-brown forehead and forecrown, orange upper chest, red beak, white eyerings	Zambia
Rosy-faced Lovebird or Peach-faced Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis)		15 cm (6 in) long. Mostly green, orange face, blue lower back and rump, horn-coloured beak	Namibia, South Africa, Angola
Black-winged Lovebird or Abyssinian Lovebird (Agapornis taranta)		16.5 cm (6.5 in) long. Mostly green, red beak, some black wing feathers. Sexual dimorphism: only the male has red on forehead and crown, females plumage is all green	southern Eritrea to southwestern Ethiopia
Red-headed Lovebird or Red-faced Lovebird (Agapornis pullarius)		15 cm (6 in) long. Mostly green with red on upper neck and face. Sexual dimorphism: the male has more extensive and a darker red on face and head, and the male has a darker red beak than the female	Large part of central Africa
Grey-headed Lovebird or Madagascar Lovebird (Agapornis canus)		13 cm (5 in) long. Mostly green with darker green on back, pale grey beak. Sexual dimorphism: male has a grey upper body, neck and head.	Madagascar
Black-collared Lovebird or Swindern's Lovebird (Agapornis swindernianus)		13.5 cm (5 in) long. Mostly green, brown collar which has a black upper margin at the back of the neck, dark grey/black beak	Equatorial Africa

[edit] Feral populations

Hybrids (Fischer's Lovebird x Masked Lovebird) in Nairobi, Kenya.

Feral populations of Fischer's Lovebirds and Masked Lovebirds live in cities of East Africa. Also present there are intergeneric hybrids between these two species. The hybrid has reddish-brown on head and has orange on upper chest, but otherwise resemble the Masked Lovebird.^[5]

[edit] Aviculture

	Masked lovebirds calling Recording of the blue masked lovebird variety.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

With their inclination to bond, they can form long-term relationships with people in tandem with their intra-species companions. Aggression is easily aroused in lovebirds, however, and biting may occur unless a bond is established with gentle handling. Provided with adequate space, a stimulating environment, and appropriate nutrition, a lovebird can become a cherished companion parrot. They love to snuggle and often preen their favorite people.
It is preferable to obtain birds bred in captivity, rather than birds caught from the wild. Wild birds may be harboring a disease, such as avian polyomavirus.^[6] Captured wild lovebirds also may mourn the loss of association with a mate or a flock. Their age is likely to be unknown, and they may have an unsuitable personality for domestication. Lovebirds are not necessarily best kept in pairs, as their name suggests, although relationships with humans are then less likely to be as intense when paired. Birds kept individually or brought up hand-fed, make very good pets. However, single birds require frequent attention to stay happy, and if the owner has limited time to spend daily with a single lovebird, it is preferable to grant the lovebird a companion of the same species, or a companion of another parrot species known to get along well with lovebirds. Lovebirds can become very interactive with humans, and when comfortable, will willingly perch on a finger or shoulders.
Some Lovebirds talk, but many will not: there is a chance they may learn to mimic human sounds if taught to do so at a young age. Lovebirds are noisy, with calls ranging from cheerily pleasant to highly irritating; in the wild, parrots must call to each other over long distances to keep flocks together, and it is through such signals that most of their communication is made. It's best to spend frequent, short periods of time with your lovebird, rather than having just one or two interactions every day.^[7]

[edit] Gender

Determining Lovebird sex is difficult. At maturity of one year, it may show signs of whether it is male or female, such as ripping up paper and stuffing it into its feathers (female behavior) or regurgitating for its owners (male behavior: the male feeds the nesting female). This behavior is not a reliable indicator. The only sure method is DNA testing. Companies that provide such service exist.^[8]

[edit] Nesting

Depending on the species of lovebird, the female will carry nesting material into the nest in various ways. Peach-face Lovebirds for example, tuck nesting material in their tail feathers while Green Masked Lovebirds carry nesting material back with their beaks. Once the lovebirds start constructing their nest, mating will follow. During this time, the lovebirds will mate repeatedly. Eggs follow 3–5 days later. The female will spend hours inside her nesting box before eggs are laid. Once the first egg is laid, a new egg will follow every other day until the clutch is complete, typically at four to six eggs. Even without a nest, lovebirds sometimes produce eggs.

[edit] Housing and environment

A Yellow-collared Lovebird perching by the entrance to a nest box in a large aviary at Honolulu Zoo, Hawaii, USA

Lovebirds require an appropriately sized cage or aviary. Recommended space per bird is min 1m×1m×1m. Lovebird's beaks are made of keratin, which grows continuously. Chewing and destroying wood toys and perches helps to keep beaks trim. Cuttlebones help provide beak-trimming. Natural perches and special rough surfaced perches of varying diameters placed at different levels in the cage will allow greater climbing mobility and gives them a choice to select the most comfortable spot to roost.^[9] They also require plenty of toys, such as willow branches, swings, tunnels, boxes and safe things to chew on and play with.
Lack of toys, keeping the birdcage covered too many hours, and lack of companionship or social stimulation may lead to boredom, stress and psychological or behavioral problems (nervousness, aggression, feather-plucking, screaming, depression, immuno-suppression). Lovebirds are extremely social birds and will enjoy several hours of interaction a day. Without this interaction, daily exercise, a roomy cage/aviary, and many toys to play with, they may resort to feather-plucking, or screaming, and both behaviors can be difficult to cure. It is suggested that if you must leave the house (to go to work for the day, for example) that you leave a radio or TV set playing, to provide sound.^[10] Lovebirds are intelligent, and if a relationship is to form they need a human who will dedicate lots of time with them. Lovebirds enjoy baths and like to sun themselves daily.

[edit] Grooming

As with pet parrots in general, the tips of lovebirds' toenails should wear down adequately by the parrot climbing over rough surfaced perches, if the parrot is active; however, occasionally the toe nails grow long and may need to be trimmed.^[11] Only the very tips of the toe nails are trimmed, because, if too much of a toe nail is trimmed away, it will be painful and bleed from the blood vessels in the centre of the nail.^[11][12] Sharp pointed toe nails that scratch the owner can be blunted by simply filing the point.^[12] These procedures are usually done with the help of an assistant carefully holding the parrot wrapped in a towel.^[11][12]

[edit] Diet

• Whole Cereals & whole Grains : Amaranth, Barley, Couscous, Flax, whole-grain Pastas, Oat, Quinoa (truly a Fruit but used as a Cereal), whole-Wheat, Wild-Rice, whole Rices.

• Edible Blossoms & Flowers: Carnations, Chamomille, Chives, Dandelion, Day Lilies, Eucalyptus, Fruit tree's blossoms, Herbs' blossoms, Hibiscus, Honeysuckle, Impatiens, Lilac, Nasturiums, Pansies, Passion Flower (Passiflora), Roses, Sunflowers, Tulips, Violets. Note that the leaves of some of these plants are poisonous to Lovebirds.

• Greens &/or Weeds:
  • mainly ; Bok-Choy, Broccoli &/or Cauliflower leaves, Cabbage leaves, Collard greens, Dandelion leaves, Kelp, Mustard leaves, Seaweeds, Spirulina, Water cress...
  • occasionally & sporadically ; Amaranth leaves, Beet leaves, Carambola (Starfruit), Chards, Parsley, Spinach & Turnip leaves. All of these feature high Oxalic-Acid content that induces production of Calcium Oxalates (crystals/stones) by binding Calcium & other trace Minerals present in foods & goods with which they're ingested. This may lead to Calcium deficiencies (Hypocalcemia) in minor cases or in more severe cases to Liver &/or other internal organ damage or failure.

• Fruit (except Avocados which are toxic): all Apple varieties (remove all seeds) , fresh Banana, all Berries varieties, all Citrus varieties, Grapes, Kiwi, Mango, Melons, Nectarine, Papaya, Peach, all Pear varieties, Plum, Star-fruit. Pits and seeds from every Citrus and Drupe species must always be discarded as they are intoxicating. However, achenes and tiny seeds from pseudo and true Berries (Bananas, Blueberries, Elderberries, Eggplants, Persimmons, Pomegranates, Raspberries, Strawberries, Tomatoes) are all okay.^[13]

• Legumes: Almonds, Beans, Lentils, Peas, Nuts and Tofu.

• Grain and/or Legume sprouts: Adzuki beans, Alfalfa beans, Buckwheat, Lentils, Mungo beans, Pinto beans, Red Kidney beans, Sesame seeds, Sunflower seeds. Caution with only Lima and Navy beans' sprouts which are toxic.

• Vegetables (except Uncooked Potatoes, Uncooked Onions and all Mushrooms): Beet, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Carrots, Cucumber, all Cabbage varieties, fresh Beans, fresh Romane Lettuce, fresh Peas, Parsnip, all Pepper varieties, all Squash varieties, Sweet potatoes, Tomato, Turnip, Yams, Zucchini.

• Pellets specifically formulated for Lovebirds and/or for small parrots are all healthy additions.

• Other fat-free, healthy and nutritious human foods in very limited amounts.

Adding these foods provides additional nutrients and can prevent obesity and lipomas, as can substituting millet, which is relatively low in fat, for higher-fat seed mixes. Adult Lovebirds often do not always adapt readily to dietary additions, so care must be taken to introduce healthy diets as young as possible (ideally weaned onto fresh foods before introducing chicks onto seeds). Lovebirds like any other Parrots learn mainly by mimicry and thus most adult Lovebirds will be easily encouraged to try new foods by observing another bird eating the food, or by placing the new food on a mirror.
Parrot species (including Cockatiels) are biologically vegetarian species. Consequently, they should be fed vegetarian diets that are ideally supplemented with vegetable proteins provided by the combination of any type of whole Grain/Cereal with any type of Legume/Pulse. Eggs (hard-boiled and/or scrambled) are the only one appropriately healthy source of animal proteins. Mostly for Birds in either breeding, growing, moulting and/or recovering conditions. High levels of Proteins (most particularly Animal Proteins) is unhealthy for Lovebirds living under any alternate conditions (i.e. non-breeding, pets...)
Intermediate species such as African Grey Parrots, LoveBirds, Poicephalus, RingNecked Parakeets... should be offered diets where pellets represent a moderate portion of about 1/3 to 1/2 of their daily diets.
In terms of health, if you want to be a pet owner, the least you can do is ensure the animal has plenty of exercise and freedom. If one does not have the space, one should not take these animals on.

Green and Blue series Peach-faced Lovebirds:
two parents with their two recently fledged chicks

[edit] Aggression problems with other birds and animal species

Because of their dominant and territorial nature, Lovebirds should be supervised when socializing with other species/genera (whether it be cat, dog, small mammal or other bird species). Lovebirds can be aggressive to other birds, even to other lovebirds. Hand raised Lovebirds tend not to be scared and pose even more of a threat to themselves. Toe biting can occur when Lovebirds are socializing/housed with small birds (i.e. Parrotlets, Budgies, and even docile Cockatiels). They should not be housed with other bird genera as they can be injured or pose a threat to other birds.

[edit] Pets and bird safety

Lovebirds are very vocal birds, making loud, high-pitched noises. Some make noise all day, especially during dawn and dusk. This is a normal parrot behavior as flock animals, where they are calling to each other before the start of the day and just before they settle down for the night.
Lovebirds are also very active and love to chew things. When they are flying within a household, it is wise to watch them carefully and protect any furniture, electrical wiring or anything else that they could possibly chew on. Try to place fresh willow or oak branches in a favorite spot (e.g. near a high/sunny platform) to satisfy this natural behavior. Other things to be aware of when keeping lovebirds (also applies to other pet birds) at home are the danger spots in the house, such as open toilet bowls for drowning, clear glass walls which might be rammed in full force by the bird, fumes from all teflon or anti-stick coating in the kitchen, microwave oven coatings and chemical fumes from regular household cleaning products. Interaction with other pets in the house must also be supervised, such as cats and dogs which may view the lovebird as a prey animal.
Some people who keep birds as pets practice the clipping of the flight feathers for safety reasons as mentioned above. This also promotes tameness between the bird and the owner as the bird will be less flighty.
Lovebirds of different species can mate and produce sterile hybrid offspring. These offspring display habits of both parents. It is recommended to only place birds of the same species together, or of the same sex for this reason.

[edit] In popular culture

Songs about lovebirds include:

• "Reincarnation of a Lovebird No 2" by Charles Mingus from the album Reincarnation of a Lovebird

In television and film:

• The animated television series 3rd & Bird features several characters described as lovebirds.
• Lovebirds play a symbolic role and figure prominently in Alfred Hitchcock's 1963 horror film, The Birds.

[edit] Further reading

• All About Breeding Lovebirds (Hardcover) by Mervin Roberts
• Lovebirds: Everything About Housing, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, and Diseases With a Special Chapter, "Understanding Lovebirds" (A Complete Pet Owner's Manual) by Matthew M. Vriends

[edit] References

1. ^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. pp. 216–219. ISBN 184309164X. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Le Breton, Kenny. Lovebirds...getting started. USA: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 84–98. ISBN 0866224114. 
3. ^ Eberhard, Jessica R. (1998): Evolution of nest-building behavior in Agapornis parrots. The Auk 115(2):455-464.
4. ^ "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.004)". www.zoonomen.net. 2008-07-05. http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html. 
5. ^ Forshaw (2006). plate 45.
6. ^ Johne, R. Müller, H. "Avian polyomavirus in wild birds : genome analysis of isolates from Falconiformes and Psittaciformes Auteur(s") Archives of virology ISSN 0304-8608; 1998, vol. 143, no8, pp. 1501-1512
7. ^ ParrotParrot "What's that Noise? http://www.parrotparrot.com/articles/aa053001.htm
8. ^ LovebirdMania.com "Lovebirds-- Female versus Male" http://www.lovebirds.co.nz/choosing/vs.php
9. ^ Johnson, Anne "Lovebirds" Birds and Ways, Pet Bird Magazine, Ezine January 1998 http://www.birdsnways.com/wisdom/ww19eiii.htm
10. ^ Parrotfeather.com: "Lovebird problems" http://www.parrotfeather.com/lovebird/Lovebird_problems.php
11. ^ ^{a b c} De Saulles, Annette; Forbes, Neil (2003). Parrotlopaedia: a Complete Guide to Parrot Care. Ringpress Books. p. 73. ISBN 1860542859. 
12. ^ ^{a b c} Low, Rosemary (1999). The Loving Care of Pet Parrots. Hancock House. pp. 167–168. ISBN 088839439. 
13. ^ PetEducation.com "Bird Nutrition: Feeding Pet Birds, Parrot Diets, and Nutrition Recommendations" http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1835&aid=2844

species

Species

Martial Eagle in Namibia.

Thermographic image of an eagle, thermoregulating using its wings.

Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi in Southern Philippines.

Wedge Tailed Eagle in Australia.

Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera Aquila and Hieraaetus are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus.^[3]

• Bonelli's Eagle, the Booted Eagle and the Little Eagle have been moved from Hieraaetus to Aquila.
• Either the Greater Spotted Eagle and Lesser Spotted Eagle should move from Aquila to join the Long-crested Eagle in Lophaetus, or, perhaps better, all three of these species should move to Ictinaetus with the Black Eagle.
• The Steppe Eagle and Tawny Eagle, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's nearest relatives.

FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

• Subfamily Buteoninae - hawks (buzzards), true eagles and sea-eagles
  • Genus Geranoaetus
    • Black-chested Buzzard-eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
  • Genus Harpyhaliaetus
    • Crowned Solitary Eagle, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
    • Solitary Eagle, H. solitarius
  • Genus Morphnus
    • Crested Eagle, Morphnus guianensis
  • Genus Harpia
    • Harpy Eagle, Harpia harpyja
  • Genus Pithecophaga
    • Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
  • Genus Harpyopsis
    • New Guinea Eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae
  • Genus Oroaetus
    • Black-and-chestnut Eagle, Oroaetus isidori
  • Genus Spizaetus
    • Cassin's Hawk-eagle, Spizaetus africanus
    • Changeable Hawk-eagle, S. cirrhatus
    • Mountain Hawk-eagle, S. nipalensis
    • Blyth's Hawk-eagle, S. alboniger
    • Javan Hawk-eagle, S. bartelsi
    • Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, S. lanceolatus
    • Philippine Hawk-eagle, S. philippensis
    • Wallace's Hawk-eagle, S. nanus
    • Black Hawk-eagle, S. tyrannus
    • Ornate Hawk-eagle, S. ornatus
    • Black-and-white Hawk-eagle, S. melanoleucus
  • Genus Lophaetus
    • Long-crested Eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis - possibly belongs in Ictinaetus
  • Genus Stephanoaetus
    • Crowned Hawk-eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
  • Genus Polemaetus
    • Martial Eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
  • Genus Hieraaetus
    • Ayres' Hawk-eagle, Hieraaetus ayresii
    • African Hawk Eagle, H. spilogaster
    • New Guinea Hawk-eagle, H. weiskei
  • Genus Harpagornis (extinct)
    • Haast's Eagle, †Harpagornis moorei - possibly belongs in either Hieraaetus or Aquila^[4]

A Steppe Eagle in Lahore Zoo Pakistan.

• • Genus Aquila
    • Bonelli's Eagle, Aquila fasciata - formerly Hieraaetus fasciatus
    • Booted Eagle, A. pennata - formerly Hieraaetus pennatus
    • Little Eagle, A. morphnoides
    • Golden Eagle, A. chrysaetos
    • Eastern Imperial Eagle, A. heliaca
    • Rufous-bellied Eagle, A. kienerii
    • Spanish Imperial Eagle A. adalberti
    • Steppe Eagle, A. nipalensis
    • Tawny Eagle, A. rapax
    • Greater Spotted Eagle, A. clanga - to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
    • Lesser Spotted Eagle, A. pomarina - to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
    • Indian Spotted Eagle, A. hastata - to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
    • Verreaux's Eagle, A. verreauxii
    • Gurney's Eagle, A. gurneyi
    • Wahlberg's Eagle, A. wahlbergi
    • Wedge-tailed Eagle, A. audax
  • Genus Ictinaetus
    • Black Eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
  • Genus Haliaeetus
    • White-tailed Eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
    • Bald Eagle, H. leucocephalus
    • Steller's Sea-eagle, H. pelagicus
    • African Fish-eagle, H. vocifer
    • White-bellied Sea-eagle, H. leucogaster
    • Sanford's Fish-eagle, H. sanfordi
    • Madagascar Fish-eagle, H. vociferoides
    • Pallas' Sea-eagle, H. leucoryphus
  • Genus Ichthyophaga
    • Lesser Fish-eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis
    • Grey-headed Fish-eagle, I. ichthyaetus

A dark individual of the Short-toed Eagle.

• Subfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles
  • Genus Terathopius
    • Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
  • Genus Circaetus
    • Short-toed Eagle, Circaetus gallicus
    • Black-chested Snake-eagle, C. pectoralis
    • Brown Snake-eagle, C. cinereus
    • Fasciated Snake-eagle, C. fasciolatus
    • Banded Snake-eagle, C. cinerascens
  • Genus Spilornis
    • Crested Serpent-eagle, Spilornis cheela
    • Nicobar Serpent-eagle, S. minimus
    • Mountain Serpent-eagle,S. kinabaluensis
    • Sulawesi Serpent-eagle, S. rufipectus
    • Philippine Serpent-eagle, S. holospilus
    • Andaman Serpent-eagle, S. elgini
  • Genus Eutriorchis
    • Madagascar Serpent-eagle, Eutriorchis astur

[edit] Eagles in culture

[edit] The word

The modern English name of the bird is derived from the Latin term aquila by way of the French aigle. The Latin aquila may derive from the word aquilus, meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from aquilo, the Latin version of Greek boreas, or north wind; however, aquilus and aquilo may just as well derive from aquila (or be unrelated) and the latter be of unknown origin.
Old English used the term earn, related to Scandinavia's ørn / örn. The etymology of this word relates it to Greek ornís, meaning "bird", though other Indo-European languages (such as Welsh eryr or Russian orël / орёл) show that the meaning 'eagle' is older. The Greek word may be an old diminutive. The Albanian word for eagle is "shqiponje" deriving from the root "shqipe", which means "eagle".
In Britain before 1678, Eagle referred specifically to the Golden Eagle, the other native species, the White-tailed Eagle, being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for Aquila chrysaetos was introduced by the naturalist John Ray.

[edit] Eagles as national symbols

See also: Eagle (heraldry)

Coat of arms of the Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)(used by Skenderbe in the 15th century but dating long time ago as a symbol of Albania translated in native language as "Land of Eagles")	Coat of arms of Austria	Double-headed eagle emblem of the Byzantine Empire. Relief from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople	Coat of arms of Egypt.
The Reichsadler symbol of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation and Imperial Germany (1871-1918).	Coat of arms of Germany. It dates back to the eagle as a symbol of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation (800–1806), the so called Bundesadler.	This is the state emblem of Karnataka, India. The bird in the middle is the "Gandaberunda."	Coat of arms of Mexico. It dates back to the legend of the founding of the main Aztec city-state Tenochtitlan in 1325.
Napoleonic eagle.	Coat of arms of the town of Berg en Terblijt in the Netherlands, an example of the prolific use of the eagle in European heraldry.	Coat of arms of Poland. The symbol of an eagle appeared for the first time on the coins made during the reign of Bolesław I (992–1025), initially as the coat of arms of the Piast dynasty.	Coat of arms of the Romanian Principalities in 1600, having the Wallachian eagle on top.
Coat of arms of the Russian Federation.	Coat of arms of the Russian Empire. Including Tsardom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Finland and other Russian dependencies	Coat of arms of the Seljukians	Coat of arms of Serbia.
The Great Seal of the United States.	Coat of arms of Velletri.	Coat of arms of Armenia.	Coat of arms of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

Eagles have been used by many nations as a national symbol.

• The coat of arms of the Seljukian Empire has a double-headed eagle
• The coat of arms of Albania has a black double-headed eagle. Furthermore the eagle gives Albania its name ( in Albanian Shqiperia meaning Land of the eagles) and Albanians call themselves shqipetar or shqipe meaning eagles.
• The coat of arms of Armenia has a gold eagle and lion.
• The coat of arms of Austria has a black eagle.
• The coat of arms of the Czech Republic integrates the symbols of Moravia and Silesia (both with female eagles in their emblems - red-and-white chequered and black respectively) on the coat of arms of the Czech Republic with Bohemia's lion.
• The coat of arms of Egypt is a golden eagle looking towards the viewer's left. It is taking from the golden Eagle of Saladin founded on Saladin Citadel of Cairo.
• The coat of arms of Germany has a black eagle.
• The coat of arms of Ghana has two golden eagles holding it.
• The coat of arms of Iceland has a eagle holding it, as well as a dragon, a bull and a giant.
• The coat of arms of Indonesia has an eagle-like garuda carrying a shield on its neck and a banner on its feet.
• The coat of arms of Iraq has the golden Eagle of Saladin
• The coat of arms of Jordan has a black eagle.
• The coat of arms of Mexico has a golden eagle perched upon a cactus devouring a snake.
• The coat of arms of Moldova consists of a stylized eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a branch in its claws.
• The coat of arms of Montenegro represents the two-headed eagle in flight.
• The coat of arms of Navarre/Basque Country Kingdom has a black eagle.
• The coat of arms of Nigeria has a red eagle on top.
• The coat of arms of Panama has a harpy eagle
• The coat of arms of the Philippines has the bald eagle of the United States as a symbol of its colonial past, but the Monkey-eating Eagle is the de jure National Bird of the country.
• The coat of arms of Poland has a white eagle with a golden beak and talons wearing a golden crown.
• The coat of arms of Romania has a golden aquila holding a cross in its beak and a mace and a sword in its claws.
• The coat of arms of Russia has a gold double-headed eagle.
• The coat of arms of Serbia has a white bicephalic eagle of the House of Nemanjić.
• The coat of arms of Syria formerly had the eagle of Saladin.
• The Great Seal of the United States has a bald eagle.
• The coat of arms of Yemen depicts a golden eagle with a scroll between its claws.
• The coat of arms of Zambia has a orange red eagle on top.
• The coat of arms of Ghana has two eagles.
• The Polish and the Serbian eagles are distinguished by their white color.

Historic uses:

• The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt used it as their seal.
• Napoleon I used the Roman Golden Eagle as the symbol of his new French empire.
• Persian Empire: the symbol of Persian Army was an Eagle.
• The Romans used it on the standards of their armies. From this derives:
  • The late Byzantine Empire chose a two-headed golden eagle as its symbol. It is popularly that one head symbolised ancient Rome, and the other head symbolized "new Rome" at Constantinople. From this derives:
    • The two-headed eagle is the emblem of "Shqipëria" or Land of the Eagles, which is known in English as Albania (see The Tale of the Eagle for the legendary origin of the name)
    • After the fall of Constantinople, the Russian Empire took the two-headed eagle as its own symbol.
  • After his crowning as the new Roman Emperor, Charlemagne adopted the ancient Roman eagle as his own symbol. The Holy Roman Empire born of his kingdom took the eagle, but the Habsburgs replaced the golden eagle by an imperial eagle. From this derives:
    • The Austrian Empire had a two-headed eagle as its symbol. After the abolition of Austria-Hungary, Austria took as its symbol a one-headed eagle in the modern coat of arms of Austria.
    • Prussia, and later Germany have used a black eagle as their national symbol.
    • The Spanish Catholic monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, used the eagle as a part of the royal shield representing Saint John the Evangelist. The eagle was again on the Spanish shield under the Francoist regime and the transition to Democracy (1939–1981).
• The Seljuk Turks and Ottoman Turks used a double-headed eagle as coats-of-arms.

[edit] Religion

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art.^[5]
Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual reasons.^[6] In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.^[7]

Garuda, the Vahana of Lord Vishnu

Garuda murthi in West Bengal, India

In Hindu religion, Garuda is a lesser Hindu divinity, usually the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large enough to block out the sun.
The eagle is also the patron animal of Zeus. In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the Eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in the Ganymede (mythology) page.)

[edit] References

1. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334156
2. ^ Shlaer, Robert (1972-05-26). "An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image". Science 176 (4037): 920–922. doi:10.1126/science.176.4037.920. PMID 5033635. http://www./920?ck=nck. Retrieved 2007-11-20. 
3. ^ Lerner, H. R. L.; D. P. Mindell (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (37): 327–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523. 
4. ^ Bunce, M.; et al. (2005). "Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle". PLoS Biol 3 (1): e9. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009. PMID 15660162. PMC 539324. http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030009. Retrieved 2006-12-27. 
5. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
6. ^ Office of Law Enforcement. "National Eagle Repository". Mountain-Prairie Region. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010032432/http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/law/le65.html. Retrieved 2007-11-20. 
7. ^ Sin, Lena (2006-04-30). "Charges laid in eagle-poaching case". The Province (CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc.). http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=7037508c-70c7-4c47-9d3e-713a118e6b66&k=55151. Retrieved 2007